Saturday, December 3, 2011

Air conditioners all the way down

A well-known scientist (some say it was Bertrand Russell) once gave a public lecture on astronomy. He described how the earth orbits around the
sun and how the sun, in turn, orbits around the centre of a vast collection of stars called our galaxy. 
At the end of the lecture, a little old lady at
the back of the room got up and said: "What you have told us is rubbish.
The world is really a flat plate supported on the back of a giant
tortoise." 
The scientist gave a superior smile before replying, "What is
the tortoise standing on?" 
"You're very clever, young man, very clever,"
said the old lady. "But it's turtles all the way down."


I came across this interesting inaction rationale in the latest Economist analysis of Durban:
Recent work by, among others, Michael Greenstone at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology backs that approach. It shows that hot spells kill few people in air-conditioned America; but in India, where 300m have no access to electricity, the death toll is huge. India’s priority is to provide its people with electricity, and one day air-conditioners. That this will increase its emissions is less a problem for India than for the world. It therefore views any suggestion that it should be bound to curb its emissions as a threat.
Assuming that is indeed a line of argument in India (and the Economist is usually quite reliable) I was interested in how practical this approach might be, so I did some back-of-the-envelope calculations. Readers should feel free to point out obvious errors. Here we go:

There are about 1.2 billion people in India. That number is expected to rise to 1.6 billion by 2050. Let's say we want to protect them from global warming by providing them with central air in their homes and businesses (we could preserve their lives by, say, cooling a single room in their homes and making them all rest and sleep there, but let's assume they don't want to lead that sort of miserable existence.) Let's estimate about 200 million households needed residential air; there will probably be more than that by 2050, but let's be conservative. Some of them may live in cool regions; some already have air conditioning, factoring in to India's current power costs and greenhouse gas emissions, which for the record are:

India (thousands of tons of CO2): 1,742,698

We will also give them 50m commercial systems; they can't spend all day in their houses. We don't need people dropping from heat stroke in the factories, offices, the call centers and the banks.

Using this helpful wikipedia article, I estimated the residential systems would need about 3 tons of refrigeration, while I estimated the commercial systems very conservatively at 10 tons. One ton of refrigeration consumes 3,517 Watts whilst in operation (assuming an seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) of 10). So residential systems consume roughly 10,000W, and commercial systems 35,000W (there is no point in false precision when we are throwing around estimates like this.)

A standard estimate for the use of air conditioning is a thousand hours per year (eight hours a day times a hot season of 125 days). That seems reasonable. That puts us at (10Kw * 1000 hours * 200,000,000 systems) = 2.0 * 10^12 Kw-h for the residential, plus (35Kw * 1000 hours * 50,000,000 systems) = 1.75 * 10^12 Kw-h for the commercial, totaling 3.75 * 10^12 Kwh of electricity required.

So how much is that? Well, at eight cents a Kwh, that power will run you $300 billion dollars a year (20% of India's present-day GDP; even if the economy grew by 300% in short order, they would still be spending 5% of their GDP on air conditioners). But more importantly, at an average emissions density for fossil fuel electricity of 750g (I love wikipedia) that air conditioning generates greenhouse gas emissions of:

India air conditioning alone (thousands of tons of CO2): 2,812,500

That's two and a half times India's current emissions. It's roughly 10% of the total global emissions in 2010. In other words, relative to the 80% emissions cut needed by 2050 to (hopefully) stabilize the climate in the short term, the CO2 emissions of Indian air conditioning would consume half of humanity's global CO2 budget.

The alternative is to keep emitting and keep warming -- and keep building air conditioners, and burning fossil fuels to power them, accelerating the warming further. Eventually we will need to run the air conditions harder, and longer, to deal with warming of +4C, +5C, or even more -- driving the cost and the emissions even higher (while we are also paying to resettle climate refugees, relocate coastal towns, and fight the spread of tropical diseases). Of course, we can't air condition our crops, we can't air condition every home in Africa or South America or the rest of Asia. But other than that, smooth sailing. It's air conditioners all the way down.

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    • Ų£Ł‚ŁˆŁ‰ ŁˆŲ§Ł…Ł‡Ų± ŁŲ±ŁŠŁ‚ Ų¹Ł…Ł„ Ł…ŲŖŲ®ŲµŲµ ŁŁŠ Ł†Ł‚Ł„ Ų§Ł„Ų¹ŁŲ“ ŁˆŲ­Ł…Ł„Ų© Ł„ŲŖŲÆŲ±ŁŠŲØŁ‡Ł… Ų¹Ł„ŁŠ Ų§Ų¹Ł„ŁŠ Ł…Ų³ŲŖŁˆŁŠ Ł…Ł† Ų§Ł„Ł…Ł‡Ų§Ų±Ų© ŁˆŲ§Ł„ŲŖŁ‚Ł†ŁŠŲ© Ų§Ł„ŁŁ†ŁŠŲ© Ł„Ł„Ų­ŁŲ§Ųø Ų¹Ł„ŁŠ ŁƒŁ„ Ł‚Ų·Ų¹Ų© Ų§Ų«Ų§Ų« .
    • Ł„ŲÆŁŠŁ†Ų§ Ų§ŁŠŲ¶Ų§ Ų§ŁŲ¶Ł„ Ų§Ł„Ų§Ų³Ų¹Ų§Ų± Ų§Ł„ŲŖŁ†Ų§ŁŲ³ŁŠŲ© ŁˆŲ§Ł„Ł…Ł†Ų§Ų³ŲØŲ© Ł„Ł„ŲŗŲ§ŁŠŲ© ŁˆŲ§Ł„ŲŖŁŠ Ł„Ų§ ŲŖŁˆŲ¬ŲÆ Ł„Ł‡Ų§ Ł…Ų«ŁŠŁ„ ŲØŁŠŁ† Ų“Ų±ŁƒŲ§ŲŖ Ų“Ų±Ų§Ų” Ų§Ł„Ų§Ų«Ų§Ų« Ų§Ł„Ł…Ų³ŲŖŲ¹Ł…Ł„ .
    • Ł†ŲŖŁ…ŁŠŲ² Ų§ŁŠŲ¶Ų§ ŲØŲŖŁˆŲ§Ų¬ŲÆ ŁƒŲØŲ±ŁŠ Ų§Ł„Ų³Ų³Ų§Ų±Ų§ŲŖ Ų§Ł„Ł…Ų¬Ł‡Ų²Ų© Ų¹Ł„ŁŠ Ų§Ų¹Ł„ŁŠ Ų§Ł„Ł…Ų³ŲŖŁˆŁŠŲ§ŲŖ Ł„Ł„Ų­ŁŲ§Ųø Ų¹Ł„ŁŠ Ų¹ŁŲ“Łƒ Ł…Ł† Ų§ŁŠ Ų¶Ų±Ų± Ų§Łˆ ŲŖŁ„Ł ŁŠŁ…ŁƒŁ† Ų§Ł† ŁŠŁ„Ų­Ł‚ ŲØŁ‡.
    • ŁƒŁ…Ų§ Ų§Ł†Ł†Ų§ Ł†Ł‚ŁˆŁ… ŲØŲŖŲŗŁ„ŁŠŁ ŁƒŁ„ Ł‚Ų·Ų¹Ų© Ų§Ų«Ų§Ų« ŁŠŲ±ŲŗŲØ Ų§Ł„Ų¹Ł…ŁŠŁ„ ŁŁŠ ŲØŁŠŲ¹Ł‡Ų§ Ł„Ł„Ų­ŁŲ§Ųø Ų¹Ł„ŁŠ Ų³Ł„Ų§Ł…ŲŖŁ‡ ŁˆŲ¹ŲÆŁ… Ų§Ł„ŲŖŲ¹Ų±Ų¶ Ł„Ų§ŁŠ ŲŖŁ„ŁŁŠŲ§ŲŖ .

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  49. The chemical process defined here for developing a better AC are really great.Heating and Cooling Toronto
    These kind of processes always works out.

    ReplyDelete
  50. Ų§Ł„Ų§Ų±Ų¶ŁŠŲ§ŲŖ ŁˆŁ…Ų“Ų§ŁƒŁ„ Ų§Ł„ŲŖŁ†ŲøŁŠŁ Ų§Ł„ŲŖŁ‰ Ł„Ų§ŲØŲÆ Ł…Ł† Ų§Ł„Ų§Ł‡ŲŖŁ…Ų§Ł… ŲØŁŠŁ‡Ų§ ŁŲ§ŁŲ¶Ł„ Ų§Ł„Ų·Ų±Ł‚ ŁŁ‰ Ų§Ų¹Ł…Ų§Ł„ Ų§Ł„ŲŖŁ†ŲøŁŠŁ Ł„Ł„ŲØŁˆŲ±Ų³Ł„ŁŠŁ† Ų§Ų³ŲŖŲ®ŲÆŲ§Ł… Ų§Ł„Ł…ŁŠŲ§Ł‡ ŁˆŲ§Ł„Ł…Ł†ŲøŁŲ§ŲŖ Ų§Ł„Ł…Ł…ŁŠŲ²Ų© Ų§Ł„Ł…Ų®ŲµŲµŁ‡ Ł„Ł„Ų§Ų±Ų¶ŁŠŲ§ŲŖ ، Ų§Ł„ŲØŲ§Ų±ŁƒŁŠŲ© Ų“Ł…Ų¹ Ų§Ł„Ų¹Ų³Ł„ ŁˆŲ²ŁŠŲŖ ŲØŲ°Ų±Ų© Ų§Ł„Ł‚Ł†ŲØ Ł…Ł† Ų§Ł‡Ł… Ų§Ł„Ų§Ų“ŁŠŲ§Ų” Ų§Ł„ŲŖŁ‰ ŲŖŲ³Ų§Ų¹ŲÆ ŁŁ‰ Ų§Ł„Ų­ŁŲ§Ųø Ų¹Ł„ŁŠŁ‡Ų§ Ų¶ŲÆ Ų§Ł‰ ŲŖŲŗŁŠŲ±Ų§ŲŖ ŲŖŲŖŲ¹Ų±Ų¶ Ų§Ł„ŁŠŁ‡Ų§ ŁŲ§Ł„ŁŠŁƒ Ų§Ł„Ų·Ų±Ł‚ Ų§Ł„Ł…Ų¬Ų±ŲØŲ© ( Ų§Ł…Ų²Ų¬Ł‰ Ł‚Ł„ŁŠŁ„ Ł…Ł† Ų²ŁŠŲŖ Ų§Ł„ŁŁ†ŲØ ŁˆŲ¹Ł„ŁŠŁ‡ Ł…Ų¹Ł„Ł‚Ł‡ ŁƒŲØŁŠŲ±Ų© Ł…Ł† Ų§Ł„Ų®Ł„ ŁˆŁ…Ų¹Ł„Ł‚Ł‡ ŁƒŲØŁŠŲ±Ų© Ł…Ł† Ų§Ł„ŁƒŲ­ŁˆŁ„ Ų§Ł„Ų·ŲØŁ‰ ŁˆŲ§Ł„ŲØŲÆŲ” ŁŁ‰ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŲ®ŲÆŲ§Ł… Ł‚Ų·Ų¹Ł‡ Ł…Ł† Ų§Ł„Ł‚Ł…Ų§Ų“ ŁˆŁ…Ų³Ų­ Ų§Ł„Ų§Ų±Ų¶ŁŠŲ§ŲŖ ŁˆŲ§Ł„Ų§Ł‡ŲŖŁ…Ų§Ł… ŲØŲ§Ų¹Ł…Ų§Ł„ Ų§Ł„ŲŖŲ¬ŁŁŠŁ ŁˆŲ§Ł†ŲŖŲøŲ± Ų§Ł„Ł†ŲŖŁŠŲ¬Ł‡ ŲØŲ¹ŲÆ ŲÆŁ‚Ų§Ų¦Ł‚)
    Ų“Ų±ŁƒŲ© ŲŖŁ†ŲøŁŠŁ Ų§Ł„Ų¹ŁŠŁ†
    Ų“Ų±ŁƒŲ© ŲŖŁ†ŲøŁŠŁ Ų“Ł‚Ł‚ Ų§Ł„Ų¹ŁŠŁ†
    Ų“Ų±ŁƒŲ© ŲŖŁ†ŲøŁŠŁ ŁŁ„Ł„ Ų§Ł„Ų¹ŁŠŁ†
    Ų“Ų±ŁƒŲ© ŲŖŁ†ŲøŁŠŁ Ł…Ł†Ų§Ų²Ł„ Ų§Ł„Ų¹ŁŠŁ†
    Ų§Ł„Ł‡ŁˆŲ§Ų” Ų§Ł„Ų±Ų§ŁƒŲÆ Ł…Ł† Ų§ŁƒŲ«Ų± Ų§Ł„Ł…Ų³ŲØŲØŲ§ŲŖ Ł„Ł„Ų±ŁˆŲ§Ų­ Ų§Ł„ŁƒŲ±ŁŠŁ‡Ł‡ ŁŁ‰ Ų§Ł„Ł…ŁƒŲ§Ł† ŁˆŁ…Ł† Ų§ŁƒŲ«Ų± Ų§Ł„Ų§Ų“ŁŠŲ§Ų” Ų§Ł„ŲŖŁ‰ ŁŠŲ­ŲŖŲ§Ų¬ Ų§Ł„Ł‰ ŲŖŲ¬ŲÆŲÆŁ‡Ų§ ŁŁ…Ł† Ų§ŁŲ¶Ł„ Ų§Ł„Ų·Ų±Ł‚ Ł‡Łˆ Ų§Ł„Ł‚ŁŠŲ§Ł… ŲØŁŲŖŲ­ Ų§Ł„Ų“ŲØŲ§ŲØŁŠŁƒ Ų§Ł„Ł…ŲŖŁˆŲ§Ų¬ŲÆŁ‡ ŁŁ‰ Ų§Ł„Ł…ŁƒŲ§Ł† ŁˆŲ§Ł„Ł‚ŁŠŲ§Ł… ŲØŁŲŖŲ­ Ų§Ł„Ų“ŁŲ§Ų· Ų§Ł„ŁƒŁ‡Ų±ŲØŲ§Ų¦Ł‰ ŁˆŲŖŲŗŁŠŲ± Ų§Ł„Ł‡ŁˆŲ§Ų” Ų§Ł„Ł…ŲŖŁˆŲ§ŁƒŲÆ ŁŁ‰ Ų§Ł„Ł…ŁƒŲ§Ł† ، Ų§Łˆ Ų§Ł„Ł‚ŁŠŲ§Ł… ŲØŲ²ŁŠŁˆŲŖ Ų¹Ų·Ų±ŁŠŲ© ŁˆŁˆŲ¶Ų¹Ł‡Ų§ ŁŁ‰ ŲØŲ®Ų§Ų®Ų§ŲŖ ŁˆŲ§Ł„Ł‚ŁŠŲ§Ł… ŲØŲ±Ų“ Ų¹Ł„Ł‰ Ų§Ł„Ų§Ų±Ų¶ŁŠŲ§ŲŖ ŁˆŲ§Ł„ŁƒŁ†ŲØ ŁˆŲ§Ł„Ų§Ł…Ų§ŁƒŁ† Ų§Ł„ŲŖŁ‰ ŲØŁŠŁ‡Ų§ Ų±ŁˆŲ§Ų¦Ų­ ŁƒŲ±ŁŠŁ‡Ł‡ .

    ReplyDelete
  51. Thanks to share such nice piece of information, however we at KeyVendors also deals in AC condition repair in Delhi, so feel relax to contact us for any further query for AC related service in future , we will happy to help you.

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  52. This is a great blog, So clear and readable. Thanks for sharing
    Regards:
    AC Maintenance Dubai

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  53. Hey, Dear

    Your blog is awesome.

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  54. AC Maintenance Dubai provides AC Maintenance & AC Cleaning Services in at your doorstep in Dubai UAE.Please Visit our site further information.

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  55. if you are looking for Home Appliances repairing services. feel free to contact Best Repair Dubai.

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  56. Ų“Ų±ŁƒŲ© ŲÆŲ§Ł†Ų© Ų§Ł„Ų²Ł‡Ų±Ų§Ų” ŁŁ†ŁŠ ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ Ł…Ų±ŁƒŲ²ŁŠ Ų§Ł„ŁƒŁˆŁŠŲŖ Łˆ ŲŖŲµŁ„ŁŠŲ­ ŁˆŲ­ŲÆŲ§ŲŖ ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ ŁˆŲµŁŠŲ§Ł†Ų© Ł…ŁƒŁŠŁŲ§ŲŖ Łˆ ŲŖŲµŁ„ŁŠŲ­ Ų«Ł„Ų§Ų¬Ų§ŲŖ
    "
    Łˆ ŁŁ†ŁŠ ŲŖŲµŁ„ŁŠŲ­ ŲŗŲ³Ų§Ł„Ų§ŲŖ Ų§ŲŖŁˆŁ…Ų§ŲŖŁŠŁƒ ŲŖŲµŁ„ŁŠŲ­ Ł…Ł† ŁŁ†ŁŠŁŠŁ† Ł…Ų¹ŲŖŁ…ŲÆŁŠŁ† Ų¹Ł„Ł‰ Ł…ŲÆŲ§Ų± 7 Ų£ŁŠŲ§Ł… 24 Ų³Ų§Ų¹Ł‡ Ų®ŲÆŁ…Ų§ŲŖ Ł…Ł†Ų²Ł„ Ų¬Ł…ŁŠŲ¹ Ł…Ł†Ų§Ų·Ł‚ Ų§Ł„ŁƒŁˆŁŠŲŖ"
    ŁŁ†ŁŠ ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ

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  57. Company descriptions :-
    Ł…ŁˆŁ‚Ų¹ ŁƒŁˆŁŠŲŖ 24 Ų³Ų§Ų¹Ų© Ł‡Łˆ Ų§ŁŲ¶Ł„ Ł…ŁˆŁ‚Ų¹ Ų§Ų®ŲØŲ§Ų±ŁŠ Ų¹Ų±ŲØŁŠ Ł…ŲŖŲ®ŲµŲµ ŁŁŠ Ų§Ų®ŲØŲ§Ų± ŲÆŁˆŁ„Ų© Ų§Ł„ŁƒŁˆŁŠŲŖ ŁˆŲ§Ł„Ų®Ł„ŁŠŲ¬ Ų§Ł„Ų¹Ų±ŲØŁŠ ŁˆŲ§Ł„Ų¹Ų§Ł„Ł… ŲØŲ£ŁƒŁ…Ł„Ł‡، ŲŖŲ§ŲØŲ¹ Ł…Ų¹Ł†Ų§ Ų§Ų®Ų± Ų§Ų®ŲØŲ§Ų± Ų§Ł„ŁƒŁˆŁŠŲŖ Ł„Ų­ŲøŲ© ŲØŁ„Ų­ŲøŲ©.
    Kuwait 24 hours

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  58. ŁŁ†ŁŠ ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ Ų§Ł„ŁƒŁˆŁŠŲŖ ŲŖŁ‚ŲÆŁ… Ł„ŁƒŁ… Ų¬Ł…ŁŠŲ¹ Ų®ŲÆŁ…Ų§ŲŖ ŁŁ†ŁŠ ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ Ł¢Ł¤ Ų³Ų§Ų¹Ł‡ Łˆ ŲŖŲµŁ„ŁŠŲ­ Ł…ŁƒŁŠŁŲ§ŲŖ Łˆ ŁŁ†ŁŠ ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ Ł…Ų±ŁƒŲ²ŁŠ Ł‡Ł†ŲÆŁŠ
    ، ŲµŁŠŲ§Ł†Ų© ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ Ł…Ų±ŁƒŲ²ŁŠ Łˆ ŲŖŲµŁ„ŁŠŲ­ ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ Ł…Ų±ŁƒŲ²ŁŠ Łˆ ŲŖŲµŁ„ŁŠŲ­ ŁˆŲ­ŲÆŲ§ŲŖ ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ
    ŲŖŲ±ŁƒŁŠŲØ ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ Łˆ ŁƒŁ…ŲØŲ±ŁˆŲ³Ų±Ų§ŲŖ Ų¬ŲÆŁŠŲÆ Łˆ Ł…Ų³ŲŖŲ§Ł…Ł„ Ų¬Ł…ŁŠŲ¹ Ł…Ł†Ų§Ų·Ł‚ ŲØŲ§Ł„ŁƒŁˆŁŠŲŖ
    ŁŁ†ŁŠ ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ

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  59. Company descriptions :-
    ŁŁ†ŁŠ ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ Ų§Ł„ŁƒŁˆŁŠŲŖ ŲŖŁ‚ŲÆŁ… Ł„ŁƒŁ… Ų¬Ł…ŁŠŲ¹ Ų®ŲÆŁ…Ų§ŲŖ ŁŁ†ŁŠ ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ Ł¢Ł¤ Ų³Ų§Ų¹Ł‡ Łˆ ŲŖŲµŁ„ŁŠŲ­ Ł…ŁƒŁŠŁŲ§ŲŖ Łˆ ŁŁ†ŁŠ ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ Ł…Ų±ŁƒŲ²ŁŠ Ł‡Ł†ŲÆŁŠ
    ، ŲµŁŠŲ§Ł†Ų© ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ Ł…Ų±ŁƒŲ²ŁŠ Łˆ ŲŖŲµŁ„ŁŠŲ­ ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ Ł…Ų±ŁƒŲ²ŁŠ Łˆ ŲŖŲµŁ„ŁŠŲ­ ŁˆŲ­ŲÆŲ§ŲŖ ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ
    ŲŖŲ±ŁƒŁŠŲØ ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ Łˆ ŁƒŁ…ŲØŲ±ŁˆŲ³Ų±Ų§ŲŖ Ų¬ŲÆŁŠŲÆ Łˆ Ł…Ų³ŲŖŲ§Ł…Ł„ Ų¬Ł…ŁŠŲ¹ Ł…Ł†Ų§Ų·Ł‚ ŲØŲ§Ł„ŁƒŁˆŁŠŲŖ
    ŁŁ†ŁŠ ŲŖŁƒŁŠŁŠŁ Ł…Ų±ŁƒŲ²ŁŠ

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  60. Very informative and helpful post. https://www.thewoodlandsairconditioningtx.com/

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  61. I want to give thank message to blog author that you have helped me lot to solve my problem of cleaning purpose an also found Cleaning Services in Ghaziabad at affordable price.

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    residential air conditioning repair

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  65. ŲŖŲ³ŲŖŲ®ŲÆŁ… Ł‡Ų°Ł‡ Ų§Ł„ŲŖŁ‚Ł†ŁŠŲ© ŁŁŠ Ų¹Ł…Ł„ŁŠŲ© ŲŖŲ¬Ł…ŁŠŁ„ Ų§Ł„ŁˆŲ¬Ł‡ Ų§Ł„Ų·ŁˆŁŠŁ„ Ų§ŁŲµŁ„ ŲÆŁƒŲŖŁˆŲ± ŲŖŲ¬Ł…ŁŠŁ„ Ų§Ł„ŁˆŲ¬Ł‡ ŁŁŠ Ł…ŲµŲ± ŁˆŲŖŲ³ŲŖŲ®ŲÆŁ… Ų¹Ł…Ł„ŁŠŲ§ŲŖ ŲŖŲ¬Ł…ŁŠŁ„ Ų§Ł„ŁˆŲ¬Ł‡ Ų§Ł„Ł…Ų®ŲŖŁ„ŁŲ© ŁŁŠ Ų§Ł„ŲŖŲ®Ł„Ųµ Ł…Ł† Ų§Ł„ŲŖŲ¬Ų§Ų¹ŁŠŲÆ، Ų£Łˆ Ų§Ł„Ų°Ł‚Ł† Ų§Ł„Ł…Ų²ŲÆŁˆŲ¬ Ų§Ł„ŲÆŁƒŲŖŁˆŲ± Ų­Ų§Ł…ŲÆ Ł‚ŲÆŲ±ŁŠ ŁŠŁ‚ŁˆŁ… Ų§Ł„Ų·ŲØŁŠŲØ Ų§Ł„Ł…Ų¹Ų§Ł„Ų¬ ŲØŲ§Ų³ŲŖŲ®ŲÆŲ§Ł… Ų§Ł„ŲŖŲ®ŲÆŁŠŲ± Ų§Ł„Ł…ŁˆŲ¶Ų¹ŁŠ Ų¹Ł„Ł‰ Ų§Ł„Ł…Ł†Ų·Ł‚Ų© Ų§Ł„Ł…Ų±Ų§ŲÆ ŲŖŲ¬Ł…ŁŠŁ„Ł‡Ų§، Łˆ ŲŖŲ¹ŲŖŲØŲ±Ų¹Ł…Ł„ŁŠŲ§ŲŖ ŲŖŲ¬Ł…ŁŠŁ„ Ų§Ł„ŁˆŲ¬Ł‡ ŲØŲ§Ł„Ł„ŁŠŲ²Ų± Ł…Ł† Ų¹Ł…Ł„ŁŠŲ§ŲŖ Ų“ŲÆ Ų§Ł„ŁˆŲ¬Ł‡ Ł…ŲŖŁˆŲ³Ų·Ų© Ų§Ł„ŲŖŁƒŲ§Ł„ŁŠŁ Łˆ ŁŠŁ…ŁŠŲ²Ł‡Ų§ Ų£Ł†Ł‡Ų§ Ų£Ł‚Ł„ Ų®Ų·Ų±Ų§ Ł…Ł† ŲŖŁ‚Ł†ŁŠŲ© Ų¬Ų±Ų§Ų­Ų© ŲŖŲ¬Ł…ŁŠŁ„ Ų§Ł„ŁˆŲ¬Ł‡

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  66. ŁˆŁ…ŁŁŠŲ“ Ų®Ł„Ų§Ł Ų¹Ł† Ł…ŁŠŁ„ Ł…Ų¹ŲøŁ…Ł†Ų§ Ł„Ł„Ų„Ų·Ł„Ų§Ł„Ł‡ Ų§Ł„Ų¹ŲµŲ±ŁŠŲ© ŁˆŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ł„Ł„ŁŠ ŲØŲŖŁˆŁŲ±Ł‡ Ų§Ł„ŁˆŲ¬Ł‡Ų§ŲŖ Ų§Ł„Ų²Ų¬Ų§Ų¬ŁŠŲ© ŲØŲŖŁŲ§ŲµŁŠŁ„Ł‡Ų§ ŁˆŲ£Ų“ŁƒŲ§Ł„Ł‡Ų§ Ų§Ł„Ł…Ų®ŲŖŁ„ŁŲ© ŁˆŲ£Ł†Ų§Ł‚ŲŖŁ‡Ų§ ŲØŲŖŲ®Ł„ŁŠ Ų§Ł„Ł…ŁƒŲ§Ł† ŁŠŁ†ŲŖŁ‚Ł„ Ł„Ł…Ų³ŲŖŁˆŁ‰ ŲŖŲ§Ł†ŁŠ Ų®Ų§Ł„Ųµ ŲŖŲ¶ŁŠŁ Ų§ŲŖŲ³Ų§Ų¹ Ł„Ł„Ł…ŁƒŲ§Ł† ŁˆŲ±Ų¤ŁŠŲ© Ų£ŁˆŲ¶Ų­ ŁˆŲ„Ų¶Ų§Ų”Ų© Ł…Ł†Ų§Ų³ŲØŲ© ŲÆŁ‡ ŲØŲ¬Ų§Ł†ŲØ Ų³Ł‡ŁˆŁ„Ų© ŲŖŁ†ŲøŁŠŁŁ‡Ų§ ŁˆŁ…ŲŖŲ§Ł†Ų© Ų§Ł„Ų®Ų§Ł…Ų§ŲŖ Ų§Ł„Ł…ŲµŁ†Ų¹Ł‡ Ł…Ł†Ł‡Ų§ŁˆŁ…ŲŖŲ§Ł†Ų© Ų§Ł„Ų®Ų§Ł…Ų§ŲŖ Ų§Ł„Ł…ŲµŁ†Ų¹Ł‡ Ł…Ł†Ł‡Ų§ Ų­ŲŖŁ‰ Ų§Ł„Ł…Ų±Ų§ŁŁ‚ Ų§Ł„ŲŖŲ±ŁŁŠŁ‡ŁŠŲ© Ų“Ų±ŁƒŲ§ŲŖ ŲŖŲ±ŁƒŁŠŲØ ŁˆŲ§Ų¬Ł‡Ų§ŲŖ ŁŁ†Ų§ŲÆŁ‚ Ų²Ų¬Ų§Ų¬ŁŠŲ© ŁˆŲ§Ł„Ų®ŲÆŁ…Ų§ŲŖŁŠŲ© Ł…Ų«Ł„ Ų§Ł„Ł…Ų·Ų§Ų¹Ł… ŁˆŲ§Ł„Ų­ŲÆŲ§Ų¦Ł‚ ŁŠŁ…ŲŖŁ„Łƒ Ł…Ł‡Ł†ŲÆŲ³ Ų§Ł„ŲÆŁŠŁƒŁˆŲ± Ł„Ł…Ų³Ų© ŁŁ†ŁŠŲ© Ł…Ł…ŁŠŲ²Ų© ŁˆŲ°ŁˆŁ‚ Ų®Ų§Ųµ Ų“Ų±ŁƒŲ© Ų³ŁƒŲ“Ł† Ł„Ł„ŁˆŲ§Ų¬Ł‡Ų§ŲŖ Ł„Ł‡Ų°Ų§ Ł†Ų¹ŲŖŁ…ŲÆ Ų¹Ł„ŁŠŁ‡ Ų·Ų§Ł„Ł…Ų§ Ų±ŲŗŲØŁ†Ų§ ŲŖŲµŁ…ŁŠŁ… ŲÆŁŠŁƒŁˆŲ± Ł…Ł†Ų²Ł„Ł†Ų§ Ł…Ų«Ł„ًŲ§ Ų­ŁŠŲ« Ł†Ł‚ŁˆŁ… ŲØŲ“Ų±Ų­ Ų§Ł„ŲŖŲµŁ…ŁŠŁ… Ł„Ł„Ł…Ł‡Ł†ŲÆŲ³ ŁˆŁ‡Łˆ ŁŠŲŖŁƒŁŁ„ Ų£Ł…Ų± ŲŖŁ‚ŲÆŁŠŁ… Ų§Ł„Ų§Ł‚ŲŖŲ±Ų§Ų­Ų§ŲŖ ŁˆŲŖŲ­ŁˆŁŠŁ„ Ų£ŁŁƒŲ§Ų±Ł†Ų§ ŁˆŲ£ŁŁƒŲ§Ų±Ł‡ Ų¹Ł„Ł‰ Ų£Ų±Ų¶ Ų§Ł„ŁˆŲ§Ł‚Ų¹.

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  67. Ł…Ų±ŁƒŲ² ŁƒŁˆŁ„ Ų³ŁƒŲ§Ł† Ł„Ł„Ų£Ų“Ų¹Ų©

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  68. Ų“Ų±ŁƒŲ© ŲŖŁ†ŲøŁŠŁ Ų“Ł‚Ł‚ ŲØŲ§Ł„Ł…ŲÆŁŠŁ†Ų© Ų§Ł„Ł…Ł†ŁˆŲ±Ų©

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